Tenant Security Deposit Scam Litigation

When a landlord’s actions involve deliberate deception—such as collecting deposits for properties they don’t own—criminal prosecution may be warranted for the fraudulent security deposit actions. Victims can initiate this process by filing a police report or submitting a formal complaint with the District Attorney’s Office.

Typical steps in the criminal complaint process include:

• Submitting a fraud complaint to local law enforcement or the District Attorney.
• Investigation by authorities, including interviews with the victim and detailed document review.
• Arrest or issuance of a summons to the alleged perpetrator, leading to formal charges filed under applicable penal codes (e.g., Grand Larceny, Scheme to Defraud).
• Trial or plea negotiations, where restitution may be part of sentencing.
• Under New York Penal Law $190.65, “Scheme to Defraud” can be subject to severe penalties, including imprisonment, underscoring the seriousness of these security deposit scams.

To recover lost funds, tenants may initiate a civil lawsuit in the appropriate New York court (Civil Court for claims up to $50,000, or Supreme Court for higher claims). This procedure focuses strictly on monetary restitution and is independent of any criminal proceedings. This is the primary route for tenants seeking to be made whole.

The civil litigation procedure generally involves:

• Sending a demand letter or notice requesting the return of the illegally withheld deposit.
• Filing a formal complaint with the court and subsequent service of process on the defendant landlord.
• Discovery and evidence submission phases, leading to a court hearing and final judgment.
• Enforcement actions (e.g., wage garnishment or property lien) if the defendant refuses to pay the judgment.

In many cases, tenants sue under claims like “Breach of Contract,” “Fraud,” and “Unjust Enrichment.” If successful, they may be awarded the original deposit plus additional damages, including legal fees and other compensatory damages, where permitted by law.

Below is a concise list of evidence commonly used in tenant security deposit fraud cases to prove the elements of the claim:

Where misrepresentation involves property ownership or a repeated pattern of behavior, comprehensive documentation becomes critical. Victims may also request help from housing advocacy groups to collect the necessary documentation or draft legally sound affidavits.

Recognizing the specific type of scam involved can significantly help in shaping the legal strategy and identifying the relevant laws violated regarding the security deposit and leasing process.

• Fake Ownership Rentals: A scammer falsely pretends to own a unit and accepts large security deposits and first month's rent.
• Multiple Leasing: One single property is leased simultaneously to several different tenants, with the scammer collecting multiple deposits.
• Deposit Theft Without Return: A landlord collects the deposit and then refuses to return it upon move-out without any legitimate cause, inventing damages or simply ignoring demands.
• Misuse of Legal Loopholes: Landlords exploit minor legal ambiguities to keep the deposit unlawfully, often relying on the tenant's lack of legal knowledge.

Hiring an attorney who specializes in housing or real estate fraud provides several key benefits for the tenant:

• Ensuring Proper Filings and Deadlines: An attorney guarantees that all required court documents are filed correctly and that critical statutory deadlines are met, preventing the case from being dismissed.
• Drafting Compelling Complaints: They are skilled at preparing persuasive legal complaints and detailed evidence briefs that clearly articulate the claims of fraud and the legal basis for recovery.
• Investigating Assets and Ownership: Attorneys utilize legal tools to investigate the defendant's assets for potential recovery and trace ownership records.

In complex fraud cases, attorneys may also collaborate with financial experts like forensic accountants to trace stolen funds or uncover hidden property ownership, which is crucial for successful recovery.

The path to justice and financial recovery requires a methodical approach that leverages both the criminal and civil legal systems in New York. The process should begin with gathering every piece of relevant information and not hesitating to involve the proper authorities.

• Gather Documentation: Immediately collect every email, receipt, bank statement, and text message related to the deposit and the tenancy.
• Notify Authorities: File a police report and/or a complaint with the District Attorney's office if you suspect criminal fraud.
• Consult Legal Counsel: Engage a housing fraud attorney to assess your case and guide you through the civil litigation process.

By asserting your rights through both criminal and civil channels, financial recovery and accountability for fraudulent actors become achievable goals.